Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It usually appears as a white powder, nearly insoluble in water. The powder is widely used as an additive into numerous materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber (e.g. car tyres), lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods (source of Zn nutrient), batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, first aid tapes, etc. ZnO is present in the Earth crust as a mineral zincite; however, most ZnO used commercially is produced synthetically.

Litharge, which is Lead Mono-Oxide (PbO) is a yellowish or reddish, odorless, heavy, earthy, water-insoluble, solid, PbO, used chiefly in the manufacture of Lead Stabilizers (Lead Steareates), pottery, Lead glass, paints, enamels, and inks. Litharge is also called Lead Monoxide, Lead Oxide, Plumbous Oxide.

Other use of Litharge is as intermediate used in a variety of industries like lubricants and greases, insecticides, inorganic pigments, Lead soaps, petroleum refining, rubber and PVC etc.

Red Lead is used or utilized in battery manufacture ( for BatteryPlates), manufacturing of Crystal Glass, Ceramics and Anti-Corrosivecoatings.

It is used for protection of ferrous metal surfaces as a Primer, as apolymer stabilizer and vulcanizer in rubber industries, making OpticalGlass and Antirust Paint. it is also used as a weak oxidizer inchemical industry.